關於
Aristotle (384–322 BC) was born in Stagira in northern Greece and studied at Plato's Academy in Athens for roughly twenty years, from his late teens until Plato's death. He later tutored the young Alexander the Great before returning to Athens around 335 BC to found his own school, the Lyceum, where he directed a program of research spanning logic, biology, physics, ethics, and politics. In the Nicomachean Ethics he distinguishes technē, the know-how of making or craft, from epistēmē, demonstrative knowledge of what cannot be otherwise, and from phronēsis, the practical wisdom that judges well in particular situations — a set of distinctions that still structures debates about what kind of knowledge skill and expertise really are. Only about a third of his original output survives, mostly lecture notes rather than works prepared for publication, yet they shaped Western thought for two millennia.
主要貢獻
- Studied at Plato's Academy for two decades before founding his own school, the Lyceum, in Athens
- Distinguished technē (craft knowledge) from epistēmē (scientific knowledge) and phronēsis (practical wisdom) in the Nicomachean Ethics
- Tutored Alexander the Great as a young prince in Macedon
- Wrote foundational works across logic, physics, biology, ethics, and politics, including the Physics and Metaphysics
- Established systematic empirical inquiry as a philosophical method, founding what became the discipline of biology
思想連結
Plato
受其影響Philosopher of Classical Athens
亞里斯多德十七歲進入學院，一直待到柏拉圖過世，前後將近二十年；之後他用一整個學術生涯，把理型從天上拉回地面。他對理型論最尖銳的一句話，同時也是最深情的一句：提出理型的人是我們的朋友，但為了真理，即使是親近之物也該捨棄。西方哲學的第一份重大遺產，是一位學生與老師的爭論，而爭的是：真實究竟在世界之上，還是就在個別事物之中。
plato.stanford.edu · Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics I.6, 1096a11–17
Zena Hitz
影響了他/她Tutor, St. John's College
《Lost in Thought》建立在亞里斯多德《尼各馬可倫理學》結尾的主張上：最高善是為其自身而被選擇的，它的歸宿是閒暇中的沉思。Hitz 保留這個主張，又把它放寬：亞里斯多德把沉思想得太窄，只當成哲學家的活動，然而作為人生目的的閒暇不需要莊園，可以在家務之間的片刻停頓裡取得。在一個以產出衡量心智的時代，她提出的是那個古老的論證：即使什麼也沒產出，思考本身仍值得去做。
voegelinview.com · philpapers.org
漢斯-格奧爾格·高達美
影響了他/她哲學家暨詮釋學奠基者
高達美為「理解」找到的範本不是科學，而是 phronesis，即《尼各馬可倫理學》第六卷的實踐智慧：一種無法直接傳授、始終指向眼前這個特殊情境的知。依此看來，詮釋一段文本，就像判斷一個處境要求你做什麼，是一種應用，而非推導。把這個標準帶到以通則模式訓練出來的系統上，要求相當嚴苛，因為它把理解放在「如何處理這一個情況」，而不是對「一般情況」的知識。
plato.stanford.edu
邁可·桑德爾
影響了他/她政治哲學家，哈佛大學
面對「國家應在各種生活方式之間保持中立」的自由主義理想，桑德爾像亞里斯多德那樣主張：正義有其目的（telos）——問一項實踐是為了什麼，就是在問它應該表彰、獎勵哪些德性。他的《正義》從邊沁、康德與羅爾斯轉向亞里斯多德來論證這一點；和 Acemoglu 對談時，他又一次回到亞里斯多德，提起民主曾經意味著以抽籤治理。
Michael J. Sandel, Justice: What's the Right Thing to Do? (2009) · en.wikipedia.org · youtube.com
