Aristotle

關於

Aristotle (384–322 BC) was born in Stagira in northern Greece and studied at Plato's Academy in Athens for roughly twenty years, from his late teens until Plato's death. He later tutored the young Alexander the Great before returning to Athens around 335 BC to found his own school, the Lyceum, where he directed a program of research spanning logic, biology, physics, ethics, and politics. In the Nicomachean Ethics he distinguishes technē, the know-how of making or craft, from epistēmē, demonstrative knowledge of what cannot be otherwise, and from phronēsis, the practical wisdom that judges well in particular situations — a set of distinctions that still structures debates about what kind of knowledge skill and expertise really are. Only about a third of his original output survives, mostly lecture notes rather than works prepared for publication, yet they shaped Western thought for two millennia.